Hoʻonui ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā luawai aila a me ke kinoea i nā ʻenehana hana

Hoʻonui ka ʻenehana hana ʻaila a me ke kinoea i ka ʻenehana hana ʻana he hana loea ia e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka hiki ke hana o nā lua aila (me nā lua kinoea) a me ka hiki ke omo wai o nā lua hoʻokomo wai. ʻO nā ʻano hana i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia e komo pū me ka hydraulic fracturing a me ka mālama ʻana i ka acidification, me ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā pahū ʻana o lalo o ka lua, ka mālama ʻana i ka solvent, a pēlā aku.

1) Ke kaʻina hana haki hydraulic

ʻO ka haki hydraulic e pili ana i ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka wai haki viscosity kiʻekiʻe i loko o ka lua ma kahi nui e ʻoi aku ma mua o ka hiki ke omo o ka hoʻokumu ʻana, no laila e hoʻonui ai i ke kaomi o lalo o ka lua a me ka haki ʻana o ka hoʻokumu. Me ka hoʻokomo mau ʻana o ka wai haki, e hoʻolōʻihi hohonu nā haki i loko o ka hoʻokumu. Pono e hoʻokomo ʻia kahi nui o ka proppant (ʻo ke one nui) i loko o ka wai haki e pale ai i ka haki mai ka pani ʻana ma hope o ka hoʻōki ʻana o ka pamu. Hoʻololi nā haki i hoʻopiha ʻia me ka proppant i ke ʻano seepage o ka ʻaila a me ke kinoea i loko o ka hoʻokumu, hoʻonui i ka wahi seepage, hoʻemi i ke kū'ē ʻana o ke kahe, a pāpālua i ka hana ʻana o ka lua ʻaila. ʻO "Shale gas", ka mea kaulana loa i ka ʻoihana ʻaila honua i kēia manawa, e pōmaikaʻi ana mai ka hoʻomohala wikiwiki ʻana o ka ʻenehana haki hydraulic!

2) Ka mālama ʻana i ka waikawa o ka luawai ʻaila

Ua māhele ʻia ka mālama ʻana i ka waikawa o ka luawai aila i ʻelua mau māhele: ka mālama ʻana i ka waikawa hydrochloric no nā ʻano pōhaku carbonate a me ka mālama ʻana i ka waikawa lepo no nā ʻano pōhaku one. ʻIke pinepine ʻia ʻo ka acidification.

►Ka mālama ʻana i ka waikawa hydrochloric o nā ʻano pōhaku carbonate: Hoʻopili nā pōhaku carbonate e like me ka limestone a me ka dolomite me ka waikawa hydrochloric e hana i ka calcium chloride a i ʻole magnesium chloride i maʻalahi ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai, kahi e hoʻonui ai i ka permeability o ke ʻano a hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi i ka hiki ke hana o nā luawai aila. Ma lalo o nā kūlana mahana o ke ʻano, pane koke ka waikawa hydrochloric me nā pōhaku, a ʻo ka hapa nui o ia mea ua hoʻopau ʻia ma kahi kokoke i lalo o ka luawai a ʻaʻole hiki ke komo hohonu i loko o ka papa aila, e hoʻopilikia ana i ka hopena acidification.

►Ka mālama ʻana i ka waikawa lepo no ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka pōhaku one: ʻO nā ʻāpana mineral nui o ka pōhaku one he quartz a me feldspar. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā sima he silicates (e like me ka lepo) a me nā carbonates, ʻo ia mau mea ʻelua e hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka waikawa hydrofluoric. Eia naʻe, ma hope o ka hopena ma waena o ka waikawa hydrofluoric a me nā carbonates, e kū mai ka ua calcium fluoride, ʻaʻole ia e kūpono i ka hana ʻana o nā lua wai a me ke kinoea. Ma ke ʻano laulā, mālama ʻia ka pōhaku one me 8-12% hydrochloric acid me 2-4% hydrofluoric acid i hui pū ʻia me ka waikawa lepo e pale aku i ka ua calcium fluoride. ʻAʻole pono e kiʻekiʻe loa ka nui o ka waikawa hydrofluoric i loko o ka waikawa lepo e pale aku i ka hōʻino ʻana i ke ʻano o ka pōhaku one a me ke kumu ʻana i nā pōpilikia hana one. I mea e pale aku ai i nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole ma waena o nā ion calcium a me magnesium i loko o ka hoʻokumu ʻana a me ka waikawa hydrofluoric a me nā kumu ʻē aʻe, pono e mālama mua ʻia ka hoʻokumu ʻana me ka waikawa hydrochloric ma mua o ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka waikawa lepo. Pono ka laulā pretreatment e ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ka laulā mālama waikawa lepo. Ua hoʻomohala ʻia kahi ʻenehana waikawa lepo authigenic i nā makahiki i hala iho nei. Hoʻohana ʻia ka Methyl formate a me ka ammonium fluoride e hana i loko o ke ʻano hana e hana i ka waikawa hydrofluoric, kahi e hana ai i loko o ka papa aila wela kiʻekiʻe i loko o nā lua hohonu e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hopena mālama waikawa lepo. Pēlā e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka hiki ke hana o nā lua aila.